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有关日晷的科学、历史与文化


将载2003年1月31日《文汇读书周报》
 

有关日晷的科学、历史与文化——兼评《日晷设计原理》
钮卫星
 
  一个晴好的冬日,上海交通大学校园。一位步履匆匆白领模样的年轻女子突然停在我面前问道:“同学,请问现在几点了?”因为我向来没有带手表的习惯,只得回答“抱歉”。当时我们正好在交大校园的一处小景观旁——那是一具名为“与日俱进”的日晷,便又指着日晷加了一句“它也能告诉你现在几点了。”女子怀疑地扫了我一眼,又匆匆前行。
  这日晷是一个圆形的石板,南高北底地安置在一块方形的大理石柱上,一根细铁棒垂直贯穿石板的圆心。尽管石板正反面都有刻度,但向这处景观问时间,看起来似乎还是有些荒唐,所以女子采取怀疑态度,并选择迅速离去。
  也许我可以向她强调我其实是本校的一名教师,并可以相信我,我可以很快帮她从那石头上读出当时是几点了。但是,要她真正明白,从这石头上读出的时间与从她不小心忘在家里的雷达、浪琴或者欧米加表上读到的时间是同样可靠的——某种意义上是更可靠的,并让她真正理解那些名表上时针的移动只不过是模拟了那石板上铁棒所投射的日影的移动而已,那是很需要花费一段时间的,她的约会注定会迟到。
  或者我可以推荐她去读设计和制造这台日晷的上海交通大学吴振华教授著的《日晷设计原理》。那本书能告诉她为什么圆石板这样放置、石板上这样的刻度,铁棒的投影指示的时间就能跟钟表给出的时间一样可靠。
  计量时间,就是要寻找一种运动过程,作为度量别的运动的进程、快慢等的标准。这样的标准运动过程要求是尽量均匀和持续不断的。根据计量精度的不同,均匀滴下的水滴、缓慢燃烧的香、原子的振荡等等,都可被用作计量时间的标准运动。作为地球自转的反映,我们看到太阳日复一日的东升西落;作为地球绕太阳公转的反映,我们感觉到年复一年春夏秋冬的寒暑变化。反映地球公转和自转的太阳视运动,很早就被人们用作时间计量的标准运动。
  然而太阳太过明亮,人眼不可逼视,所以从古代开始人们就通过观察太阳投射物体的影子的移动来计量时间。东汉许慎《说文解字》云:“晷,日景也。”此处“日景”即“日影”。中国古代将一根标准高度为八尺的竿子竖立在水平的地面上,在一天里从早到晚观察竿子投影的变化,就可以用来计量白天的时间。东汉张衡《西京赋》中描述帝王在上林苑狩猎时,有“白日未及移其晷,已狝其什七八”之句;佛经《舍头谏太子二十八宿经》也有人自顾其影来计时的记载。
  “日晷”本义是指日影,在古代专业的天文学文献中一般是指反映周年变化的正午日影长度。后来人们专门发明出一种利用日影的变化来计时的仪器,现代汉语中日晷一词便专指这样的仪器了。这种仪器的主要组成部分就是一根投射太阳阴影的指针和垂直于指针的投影面即晷面,以及晷面上的刻度线。晷面平行于水平面的日晷叫做地平式日晷。晷面还可以不水平放置,从而形成各种不同种类的日晷。晷面与地球赤道面平行的日晷就是赤道式日晷(本文开头提到的就是赤道式日晷);晷面与子午面(通过正南正北和天顶的平面)平行的是子午式日晷;晷面与卯酉面(通过正东正西和天顶的平面)平行的是卯酉式日晷,等等。
  一根固定长度的指针,所投射的日影在长度和方向上都会发生变化,就可以通过观测投影的方向来计时。赤道式日晷就是通过指针投影方向的均匀变化来指示时间的,因而也是比较容易读取时间的日晷。而从前文知道日影长度的变化中含有周年变化,因此在一些日晷种类中,譬如子午式、卯酉式和一种类型的地平式日晷,经过预先的计算,可以在晷面上绘制出比较复杂的晷面线,根据日影的长度从中可以同时读出时刻和节气。
  在这篇短文中无暇详细介绍各种日晷的工作原理,我不得不再次借助吴振华教授的《日晷设计原理》。吴教授为多处学校、天文台、青少年活动基地和居民点设计、安装过多种日晷。在《日晷设计原理》一书中,吴教授介绍了让日晷正确工作起来的天文学、画法几何学等基本原理,以及设计、制造和安装各种日晷的要点。那些不同种类的日晷及其晷面线的画法都有明晰的阐释。诚然,当我们面对一台日晷,完全可以相信它是被正确地设计和安装了的,从而放心地从中读取正确的时间。但是对不满足于“知其然”,而想进一步“知其所以然”的读者,可以从《日晷设计原理》中满足他们的求知欲望。
  日晷还不仅仅是一种计时仪器,它能给人以一种历史的和文化的联想。在很多建筑物上和公共场所,日晷被用作点缀景观之用。日晷还拉近了人与自然的关系,采撷一缕日光,打磨一块石板,这些材质纯粹天然,因此日晷还是绿色的、环保的。简单的材质和制造技术中却蕴含了丰富的科学含量,日晷向人们传达着强烈的人文气息。科学的创造物也许要经历了历史与文化的长久沉淀才会具有这样的人文气息?人类已经有了并还会再有许许多多的发明创造物,其中有些只是短暂存在后就永远消失了,而有一些将会流传至永久。日晷大概就属于后者。

  《日晷设计原理》,吴振华著,上海交通大学出版社,2001年6月。

2003年1月27日加入
 
 

Fwd: [New post] How to Get More Traffic

How to Get More Traffic

Scott Berkun | July 28, 2011 at 5:03 pm | Categories: General | URL: http://wp.me/pf2B5-1Oz

As soon as a blogger publishes their first post, their first question is: Where's all my traffic? Everyone assumes they're the only one seeking attention, when in truth nearly everyone is. It takes time to build an audience and no one gets much traffic without putting in the effort.

Here at WordPress.com we want you to get more traffic, and we build features and services to help. It's been awhile since we've told you about them, so here are our top recommendations:

  1. Update your About Page. One of the first things visitors to your site will want to know is something about who you are. If you don't update your About page to include a short bio, and they find a generic page instead,  they'll be disappointed. But if you briefly explain (two paragraphs is plenty) what the blog is about, and who you are, they'll be more likely to come back.
  2. Turn on Publicize. You can easily set up your WordPress.com blog to automatically share new posts out to your Twitter, Facebook, Yahoo or LinkedIn accounts. This increases your reach every time you publish a post.
  3. Turn on Sharing. With a few clicks, you can make it so any visitor can share a link to your post out to their social networks, their blog, or through email.
  4. Let readers subscribe by email. Email is often forgotten as a source of traffic. If you turn on the Subscriptions widget, people can choose to get notified of new posts on your blog, automatically, via email. It's a great way to keep them connected to your blog without any extra work for you, or for them.
  5. Post regularly. Pick a schedule that works for you – once a day, once  a week, once every two weeks, and stick to it. Mention that frequency in your About page, and put reminders on your personal calendar. It's only when people can expect regular posts that they'll be compelled to come back to see what you've written next. If you need ideas for posts, read and subscribe to DailyPost, where we give topic ideas and blogging advice every day. You can also use PressThis to quickly generate new posts while you are browsing the web.
  6. Write Well.  It's often unsaid, but better posts get more traffic. There's no sense in posting every day, if every post is boring or poorly written. It takes time to develop interesting ideas, and to edit posts to be concise and typo free. If people find a careless writer at work, they won't be back. What good is more traffic if the content they see isn't good enough for them to choose to return?
  7. Pick good titles. Blog post titles are like newspaper headlines. They need to be short and interesting to get people to want to see what's inside. It takes some thinking to get a title down to a short sentence, but it's time well spent. On Facebook and Twitter, all people will often see is the title and your link.
  8. Link to bloggers like you. When you link to another blog, they'll typically get notified (via a pingback) that someone has mentioned them. This will encourage them to visit your blog and, if they like what they find, link to you as well in their posts. But do it sparingly; too many links and we call it SPAM. If you find a post you like, excerpt a paragraph and link to the rest. Also check out Freshly Pressed and our Global Tags to find blogs with similar interests, and subscribe to their blog. You can use tags in your own posts so your work will surface there as well.
  9. Comment on other blogs like yours.  Every comment is an opportunity to show how well you write and think. When people read a great comment, they'll see your name, and the link to your blog, encouraging them to see what else you have to say. Identify good blogs on topics similar to your own, read and contribute sincerely.
  10. Respond to every comment you get. When people comment on your blog, they've invested a lot of their time. Reward them by answering questions and taking their feedback, and they'll come back again.
  11. Take requests.  Write a post requesting your readers (or your friends) to suggest topics to write about. Reach out to Facebook, twitter, or friends, for suggestions. Then let them know you've written about what they asked for. It's a great way to make sure everything you write will have at least one reader.
  12. Pay for traffic. Web applications like StumbleUpon can bring visitors to your posts with rates starting at $.05 per visit. If you’ve just published a great post and you really want some feedback from visitors, this can be a good way to get started. Companies looking for broader distribution, including getting content seen by journalists, should try services like PR Newswire.

Often you'll hear about get traffic fast schemes, but we don't believe in those sorts of things. There's not much magic or secrets necessary. The advice above, used thoughtfully, is more that sufficient to increase visitors to your blog.

Have other suggestions for what we can do to help you build traffic? Let us know.

Add a comment to this post

流动性泛滥催生交易所疯长 部分有坐庄嫌疑_期市要闻_新浪财经_新浪网

http://finance.sina.com.cn/money/future/fmnews/20110517/07219852268.shtml

  从另一个角度看,很多地方商品交易所也正在探索自身的发展路径。朝现货角度发展,也成为很多"交易所"的共识。例如上海的几家钢铁大宗交易电子盘,其身上的投机性质已经日益淡薄,取而代之的是和物流、配送、仓储的结合。  "我们跟期货市场的区别会越来越大,"上海三大钢材电子市场之一的"钢之源"总裁刘胜喜说,淘宝网、京东商城是一个生活资料的网上市场,而现在自己做的是生产资料的网上市场,如今的经营模式主要是服务各类贸易商,帮助他们进行现货的配送,"未来我们可以做到每天都能交货。你可以挑规格、挑品牌、挑地方。"刘胜喜说,这个行业未来必将出现类似淘宝网这样的市场,"跟期货可以说是像孪生兄弟,早年长得很相似,长大后则会走上自己的道路。"  可以说,一部分"交易所"已经在尝试走上一条"去期货化"的道路。

尚邮–移动办公专家
—————————————————
Sent from ShangMail:Travel with free pushmail www.shangmail.com

Fw: Dropbox的成本估算

 
 
From: (author unknown)
Sent: Friday, April 29, 2011 11:27 PM
Subject: Dropbox的成本估算
 

两周前,云存储网站Dropbox宣布,用户总数达到了2500万

这个数字令人印象深刻,因为一年半前,它的用户总数已经是300万了。短短18个月,在一个这样大的基数上,继续扩张八倍多,真可谓势头惊人。

惊叹之余,许多人很好奇,Dropbox到底花了多少钱,才能够服务这么多用户?因为除了付费用户以外,它没有其他收入来源。相反地,每新增一个注册用户,它就必须向他免费提供存储空间。只有当用户占用的空间超过2GB时,才需要付费:每月9.99美元(50GB)或者19.99美元(100GB)。

那么,为了支撑2500万使用者,它到底要发展多少付费用户才够啊?

加拿大程序员Michael Woloszynowicz,就为Dropbox算了一笔账,估计了一下它每个月的总支出。

一、存储费

Dropbox没有自己的存储设备,所有文件都放在租来的Amazon S3服务上面。

这里计算的困难在于,每个用户不一定把2GB的免费空间都用光,而S3是根据实际使用的空间收费的。此外,Dropbox还部署了”防止文件重复上传”的机制,如果确认不同用户上传的是同一个文件,则只保存一个样本,这可以大大减少影音文件占用的空间。最后,用户之间分享的文件,也只保留一个样本。

我们假定重复文件的影响因子是20%,那么平均每个用户最多占用的空间就是1.6GB。2500万用户占用的空间总和,就是40000TB。我们把这个数字,当做Dropbox存储空间的上限。

另据资料透露,2009年底,Dropbox的用户总数达到300万时,占用的存储空间总和是1300TB,平均每个用户占用433.73MB的空间。假定这个水平保持不变,那么2500万用户就要占用10579TB。我们把这个数字当做Dropbox存储空间的下限。

根据S3的价目表进行计算,

40000TB存储空间,每个月的费用接近240万美元;10579TB存储空间,每个月的费用接近75万美元。

因此,Dropbox的存储费,每个月估计在75万–240万美元之间。

二、请求费

S3除了对存储空间收费,还对HTTP请求收费。PUT/COPY/POST/LIST请求,每1000次收费0.01美元;GET请求,每10000次收费0.01美元。

假设每个用户每天发出10次PUT/COPY/POST/LIST请求和10次GET请求,2500万个用户就是每天各2.5亿次,费用分别为2500美元和250美元,合计2750美元。以一个月30天计算,每月的请求费就是8.25万美元。

三、流量费

Dropbox声称,每天要接受2亿次上传。根据一个小范围的调查,Dropbox上面的文件的平均大小是1.6MB。那么,2亿次上传相当于305TB,考虑到重复文件的影响因子是20%,也就是说实际只需要上传244TB。S3的上传流量费是0.1美元/GB,则每天的费用是2.5万美元,相当于每月75万美元。

Dropbox没有公布下载次数。假定每天的下载次数与上传次数相同,即下载305TB的数据,S3的下载流量费是0.08美元/GB,相当于每月75万美元。

两者相加,每月流量费总和为150万美元。

四、运算费

Dropbox还需要大量运算。以它现在的规模,至少需要200台服务器(或者服务器的实例)完成相关运算。假定每台服务器的成本是0.3美元/小时,就相当于每月4.3万美元。

五、人工费

Dropbox目前有44名员工,假定人均工资为10万美元/年(硅谷平均工资),就相当于每月36.7万美元。

六、总费用

将上面五项费用加总,就得到了用户规模2500万时,Dropbox的月度成本在274万美元–439万美元之间。

七、一些推论

(1)Dropbox每个用户的平均成本,在0.11美元–0.18美元之间。

(2)Dropbox的收费标准是9.99美元(50GB),所以每个付费用户的毛利在9.81美元–9.88美元之间。

(3)付费用户的数量达到27.7万–44.8万时,可以实现收支平衡。

(4)这占总用户的比例为1.1%–1.8%。也就是说,当用户转化率(customer conversion rate)不低于2%时,dropbox才不会亏损。

(5)收费网络服务的用户转化率,一般在0.5%–5%之间,Dropbox正好在这个区间内。

(6)考虑到已知的Dropbox的外部融资,仅仅为1000万美元,而它的月支出是百万美元级别的,所以可以断定它已经有几十万付费用户了。

(完)

[Flickr] iamfisher (Fisher Huang) 與你分享了一張 Flickr 相片

Flickr®

iamfisher (Fisher Huang) 與你分享了一張 Flickr 相片。

照片 136

iamfisher 於 2011年2月26日 上載
江苏省, 中國 拍攝
照片传到Flickr了。呵呵
只需按一下此連結即可查看和回應此相片:

Flickr®
你收到此電郵的原因是某個 Flickr 會員想與你分享一些東西。若要檢舉濫用,請按一下這裡。

Flickr 是一個全球性的相片分享社群。瞭解更多資訊

你對 Flickr 的使用需要遵守 Yahoo! 服務條款隱私權政策及 Flickr 社群指南

Fwd: 千万个祝福:新年快乐 (Google的乐捐信)

———- 已转发邮件 ———-
发件人: Google <google-noreply@google.com>
日期: 2010年12月23日 上午2:35
主题: 千万个祝福:新年快乐
收件人: ×××××××@gmail.com

尊敬的:您好!

在您的大力支持下,Google 得以在此季为世界各地的慈善机构捐助两千万美元。他们会用这些捐助款帮助改善五千多万人的生活状况。点击此处了解这个目标是如何得以实现的。

感谢您对 Google 今天所取得成就的大力支持。这一切成果的取得与您是分不开的。

愿您拥有美好的 2011 年。

Google

  (c)2010 Google Inc. 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043  

 

Fwd: Temple of the Mind

维基百科 吉米.威尔士 新年募捐信

———- Forwarded message ———-
From: Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia <******@wikimedia.org>
Date: 2010/12/15
Subject: Temple of the Mind
To: *******@gmail.com>

Dear xiao**,

Thank you for your donation to this year's fundraiser. 

We're a little more than half-way toward our 2010 goal. We want to take down the fundraising banners from Wikipedia by January 1, as usual. But we have long-overdue upgrades to our infrastructure planned for the year ahead. So our goal is bigger this year than usual.

That's why I'm hoping you won't mind if I ask you to help again with a small monthly recurring gift of $3, $7, $13 or whatever you choose. It's easy to do right here: 

http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/WMFRE/en

Of course, you can also make another one time gift to help get us to our goal.

Most people don't know this, but I'm a volunteer.

I don't get paid a cent for my work at Wikipedia, and neither do our thousands of other volunteer authors and editors. When I founded Wikipedia, I could have made it into a for-profit company with advertising banners, but I decided to do something different.

Commerce is fine. Advertising is not evil. But it doesn't belong here. Not in Wikipedia.

Wikipedia is something special. It is like a library or a public park. It is like a temple for the mind. It is a place we can all go to think, to learn, to share our knowledge with others. It is a unique human project, the first of its kind in history. It is a humanitarian project to bring a free encyclopedia to every single person on the planet.

Every single person.

If all of Wikipedia's 400 million users would donate $1 each, we would have 20 times the amount of money we need. We're a small organization, and I've worked hard over the years to keep us lean and tight. We fulfill our mission, and leave waste to others. 

To do this without resorting to advertising, we need you. It is you who keep this dream alive. It is you who have created Wikipedia. It is you who believe that a place of calm reflection and learning is worth having.

Please consider making a sustaining monthly donation of whatever amount you like to protect and sustain Wikipedia.

 

Thanks,

Jimmy Wales 

Wikipedia Founder 

 

P.S. — If you can't commit to a recurring monthly donation, I hope you'll consider making another to help us reach our goal before the end of the year. Please make your donation today.

Wikimedia Foundation
P.O. Box 894879
Los Angeles, California 90189-4879
United States

If you do not wish to receive any future emails from the Wikimedia Foundation, please click here to unsubscribe.

the story of a menthol pig

在消息记录内搜”薄荷”,查得典故一章。
 

宋朝太平兴国年间,有一位法名辨聪的僧人,游方到五台山,时值仲夏,便于清凉寺内寄驻,随五台山僧众结夏安居。当时僧众中有一位老比丘,举止疯疯颠颠,大众都瞧不起他,唯独辨聪对他承事恭敬。

结夏安居圆满后,辨聪即将离寺,继续云游。当他向老比丘辞别时,老比丘从怀里拿出一封书信,嘱咐他说:”到开封城北,找到叫薄荷的,把信投给他!”。辨聪拜别离开五台山,走了一段路才发现老比丘没交代地址,心里嘀咕:”地址不详,从何找起?信里头不知写了什么要紧的事?”又不好绕回五台山,就拆开信来看,信上写着:”你在世间游化日久,那些众生容易调伏吗?若已调伏,度生的事就完成了,可速返回,待太久,恐被强缘打失,流入世间的业报,至祷,至祷!”辨聪看完大惊,赶忙把信再封起来。

有一天,辨聪经过开封广济河畔,远远听到有一群小孩在呼唤:”薄荷!薄荷!”辨聪过去问:”谁是薄荷?他人在那里?”小孩指着一间赵姓人家的猪栏,说:”猪栏内脖子上带个铜铃,金色鬃毛的大猪,就叫薄荷。”

辨聪前去赵姓养猪人家,便问主人:”这条猪为什么叫薄荷?”主人说:”这条猪很特别,很爱干净,只吃薄荷,所以村里的小孩都叫喊薄荷。平常有屠户来捉猪时,其它的猪只都怕得四处奔跑逃逸,如果猪只牵到薄荷的身边,都会安静下来,也不乱跑哀嚎,任由屠户宰杀。因此以后屠户都会牵薄荷到等着宰杀猪只的身边,绕上一圈,省了以往宰杀猪只时的惨烈的挣扎与哀嚎。所以一家人很爱惜他,多年来都舍不得杀。”

辨聪听完之后,就叫了一声:”薄荷!有信给你!”大猪闻声前脚跃起来站着,辨聪将信投过去,猪一口吞下,保持像人站的姿势,随即就迁化往生了。

这个故事出自印光大师修订的《清凉山志》,薄荷猪原来是为了度化众生,乘大悲愿力,倒驾慈航玩”潜伏”的菩萨。菩萨们”应以猪身得度者,即现猪身而为说法”,以启发众生心中的无尽藏。